People have a high probability feeling embarrassment with respect to dance. For this reason, it is important that instructors or participants accurately evaluate the performance of the subjects, immediately connect failures to successes, and inspire confidence in the activity. This study aims to examine the assessment items to easily judge accomplishments in moonwalking in street dance. According to the results, the values of six items (foot switching, knee extension, load on the tiptoes, precision, up-and-down movement, and smoothness) were found to be moderate or higher. In conclusion, the above six items were judged to be effective in terms of easily evaluating moonwalking.

Starting from March 2, 2020, schools of every kind were temporarily closed to prevent COVID-19 infections. Despite dispersed school attendance being enforced during the closure, temporary school closures continued until the end of May. Elementary and junior high school students’ exercise habits changed because they could not step out of their homes unless necessary or during an emergency. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in exercise time before and during temporary closures among 5,619 elementary (boys and girls) and junior high school (male and female) students in three stages by school grade and gender, namely, increased, unchanged, and decreased. The impact of each factor, athletic organization affiliation, and parental involvement varied based on grade and gender; however, if parental involvement was less than twice per week, exercise time decreased for the majority of children and students.

Eating disorders are serious life-threatening illnesses, and the risk of onset is particularly high in female athletes. Eating disorders tend to be caused by continuous abnormal eating behaviors; thus, early detection is important. This study aimed to develop items for screening female athletes with abnormal eating behaviors, which are precursors for eating disorders. Ultimately, 15 items pertaining to eating behaviors, weight, and self-evaluation/evaluation by others were considered potentially useful for easily identifying female athletes with abnormal eating behaviors.

In soccer, in addition to skills improvement, raising the tactical understanding of the coach leads to an improved team performance. The purpose of this study was to make a longitudinal inspection of how tactical understanding is impacted by changes in the ability to make decisions and the ability to convey information, which are thought to be related to the tactical understanding of the coach. As a result of the analysis, for the ability to make decisions and the ability to convey information, the increase group had a significantly higher rate of change than the decrease group with regard to tactical understanding. To raise the level of tactical understanding, it is important to increase the ability to make decisions and to convey information.

Humans maintain a center of pressure (COP) that is virtually united in a vertical direction of center of gravity to maintain an upright standing posture in the base of support (BOS). However, the COP cannot move until there is an edge of BOS. Actually, it can move only until there is an edge of the inside functional BOS [limits of stability (LOS)]. This study aimed to examine the difference between the foot breadth (0 cm, 10 cm) and the day-to-day reliability in a rate of LOS for BOS (LOS per BOS: LPB). Our outcomes demonstrated that not only BOS and LOS but also LPB increased the foot breadth and differed little from the interday variation.

This study clarified the actual status of efforts related to physical education during the temporary closure of schools due to the spread of COVID-19, using a case study. Many schools mainly used "distribution of study handouts for exercise tasks" as a learning method, and the percentage of learning methods of "video viewing" and "online conference system" were low. Problems pertaining to the implementation of home learning of physical education were difficulty in creating specific tasks that are different from those of the main subjects, home Internet and ICT equipment ownership, and the lack of time to create exercises.

Even while riding a bicycle for a short time, the load on the legs is largely dependent upon the saddle height. Elderly riders often lose their balance after dismounting the bicycle and may fall. This study aimed to examine the relationship between saddle height and balancing ability following the short pedaling exercise. In the case of the saddle height (85%, 90%, 95%, and 100% of the lower limb length) set in this study, the balancing ability decreases after dismounting the bicycle; however, no difference occurs according to the saddle height.

This study aims to examine the factors related to understanding the coach’s tactical strategies from the perspective of logical ability. We evaluated players’ level of understanding regarding the coach’s tactics through video tasks. The students were then classified into high-, middle-, and low rank groups in depending on their scores. The low rank group exhibited low levels for “speed of judgment on the flow of the game” and “willingness to share ideas with teammates,” suggesting that these aspects significantly influence tactical understanding.

Some people cannot achieve or maintain a stable posture on an unstable stool, even the elderly with high independence in activities of daily living. Elderly women who cannot perform such movements by leaning sharply in the backward and forward directions have more fall experiences and poorer results on the one-leg standing (OLS) with open eyes test, walking ability, and ADL compared with the elderly individuals who can perform this movement. In this study, we examined differences between the elderly females who could maintain a stable posture on an unstable stool by leaning sharply in the right and left directions for 20 s (possible group [PG]) and those who could not maintain this posture (impossible group [IG]) for motor skills and fall experience. Compared with IG, PG was superior in the OLS test, but no significant difference was found for other parameters or fall experience between the groups.

This study evaluated the relationship between walking test on an unstable terrain and motor abilities and fall experiences in the activity elderly. Moderate relationships were observed between the walking ability on an unstable walkway and one-leg standing and walking times. The elderly in the non-fall group showed better walking ability on unstable walkway compared with those in the fall group.

Although the risk of lifestyle-related diseases increases with aging, the combination of various related diseases may differ according to age and sex. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus and verify age-related differences in each sex. The prevalence in each sex was calculated with respect to age group (8 ways: every 5 years from age 35) and disease status (8 ways). hat the disease status differed in all age groups. Regarding the prevalence for each disease, males were more prone to have diabetes mellitus and females were more prone to have hypertension than other diseases. On the other hand, regarding the prevalence of combined diseases, the combination of hypertension and diabetes mellitus tended to be more prevalent than other combinations in both sexes.

Given the concerns about the adverse physical effects of overtraining and energy intake deficiency in pubescent girls, teachers providing them with sports instructions must have accurate knowledge about and complete understanding of their physical and mental conditions as well as knowledge about nutritional science. In this study, we surveyed registered dietitians (G1), health and physical education teachers (G2), and teachers teaching other subjects (G3) to find differences in the levels of knowledge about the female athlete triad (FAT) and nutritional science among the three groups. Only G3 had a lower level of awareness about the menstruation factor, whereas G2 and G3 had lower levels of awareness about the other factors.

Many physical education teachers are uncomfortable assessing dance techniques and performance; hence, a simple method of assessment using common understanding is needed. This study aimed to examine standard assessment items to easily judge the achievement of the hip-hop dance step “the running man.” In conclusion, it was judged that the "arm movement," "leg slide," "rhythm," and "clarity of step" items were effective in easily evaluating the technique of a dancer performing the running man.

It is imperative to determine which business type has a high risk of diabetes so as to devise a plan to prevent the disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the lifestyle out of office hours of business types with higher and lower risks of diabetes. The results revealed that those in a service sector and transport and postal activities had the highest risk of diabetes, while those in the manufacturing industry had the lowest risk of diabetes. Significant differences were found in the body weight, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, neutral lipid, HDL cholesterol, ALT, γ-GTP, blood glucose level, HbA1c, smoking, exercise, physical activity, and skipping breakfast. However, the effect sizes were small. In conclusion, the relationships between the degree of diabetes risk and lifestyle out of office hours among the types were not high.

Balance board tests that require maintaining a stable posture on an unstable board have been developed to assess dynamic balance ability. However, individuals with inferior balance find that their achievement on this test decreases over time. This study aimed to examine the difference in change in the ability to maintain a stable posture on an unstable stool between two time points (first and latter) according to one-leg standing (OLS) ability. The elderly with inferior OLS were also inferior in the balance board test compared with those with superior OLS. However, the ability of maintain a stable posture does not change over time.

The balance board (BB) test is used to assess balance ability, but, with age, individuals become unable to successfully perform the test. Our objective was to investigate the changes in performance on the BB test and motor fitness over time in elderly women. Our findings indicate that inferior motor fitness in the pre-stage and reduced height after 1 year are factors that contribute to the poor performance of elderly people on the BB test.

本研究の目的は、より活動的な日々の生活が、血液脂質、HbA1c、および各種体力に及ぼす影響を検討することであった。被験者は福井県勝山市に在住する361名（男性116名、女性245名）であった。本研究では、5ヶ月間、1日30分以上のウォーキングを100日以上実施し、且つ事前および事後の測定に参加した男性30名（65歳以上：22名）および女性76名（65歳以上：37名）のデータを使用した。解析の結果、中年および高齢に関わらず、特別な運動を実施していない対象者であっても、5ヵ月間の活動的な生活により、血液脂質や各種体力は改善することが明らかにされた。

According to a recent report, the blood donation population has declined in Japan. We examined the measures required to improve blood donation participation among university students in Japan. The study subjects were classified into three groups based on their frequency of blood donation: “frequently,” “no donation in the past year,” and “unexperienced.” The “frequent” blood donors tended to believe that “my blood is helpful for somebody.” Conversely, the other two groups tended not to donate blood owing to busyness reasons. We identified that the number of blood donors can be increased by reducing the waiting time.

Each prefecture executes various efforts to achieve an increase in player numbers in competitive swimming and in players' competitive abilities. However, the result is a large difference in each prefecture. This study aimed to examine the change of participation rate in 2010 and 2015 in each prefecture. Participation rate is a result of dividing the number of inter-high school athletic meeting participants by the number of all Japanese high school athletes' federation enrollments for competitive swimming. Progress rate is the difference in participation rate in both years. If a progress rate was positive, it implied that 2015 is superior in terms of participation rate to 2010. Among males, progress rates for Yamagata (+5.0%), Tokushima (+4.3%), Niigata (+4.1%), Okayama (+3.4%), and Fukui (+2.5%) were higher (M+1.0SD); on the other hand, those for Ishikawa (-13.2%), Gunma (-5.3%), Wakayama (-5.3%), Akita (-5.3%), and Mie (-4.8%) were lower. Among females, progress rates for Tokushima (+20.0%), Okayama (+7.8%), Yamagata (+4.9%), Ehime (+4.1%), and Ishikawa (+3.8%) were higher; on the other hand, those for Yamanashi (-9.3%), Okinawa (-9.1%), Kagawa (-7.8%), and Saga (-6.4%) were lower (M-1.0SD).

本研究の目的は、中高年の男性および女生における各種体力、体重、血中脂質濃度、グリコヘモグロビン、および血圧間の関係を検討することであった。解析の結果、足底筋は握力、開眼片脚立ちと高い関係が認められた。また、総コレステロールとHDLコレステロール、LDLコレステロール、トリグリセリド、HbA1c、拡張期血圧、収縮期血圧間にも関係が認められた。

This study examined the relationship between ability to maintain a stable posture on an unstable stool (Involuntary Stimulation test: IS test) and physical functions and fall experiences in the female elderly. Physical functions included isometric leg strength, and balance ability. We found a significant relationship between the IS and the One Leg Standing (OLS) tests, and between the IS and the Functional Reach (FR) tests; however, it was not high. The IS test is related to a different ability than the OLS and FR tests.

Various tests have been developed to assess the ability to balance. The area of the center of gravity displacement test (voluntary stimulation test: VS test) assesses balancing ability when a person is subjected to added physical stimulation to make the body unstable. On the contrary, the test related to maintaining a stable posture on an unstable stool (involuntary stimulation test: IS test) assesses the balancing ability when a person is subjected to added physical stimulation while continuously standing. This study aimed to examine the relationship between each of these tests and balancing ability. To conclude, the IS test is related to a different functional ability than the VS test.

Physical fitness of elementary school children has reportedly decreased over the past few years, physical fitness of present-day children who exercise regularly may not necessarily be inferior to that of the children in the past. This study aimed to examine the secular trend and sex differences in physique, muscular strength, and flexibility in 9–10-year-old children who took part in swimming practice and training at a swimming sport club. The physique of elementary school children regularly attending the swimming sport club did not show marked time period and sex differences. Muscular strength was superior in the present-day children and ankle mobility was superior in the past children. In addition, marked sex differences in muscle strength and flexibility, except for trunk flexion, were not found in both periods.

The purpose of this study is to examine the correlation between cognitive and physical fitness (grip strength, standing long jump, softball throwing, 25m run, side-stepping, timed dipping, sit and reach) in preschool children. A choice reaction time test (even condition, winning condition) and a physical fitness test were conducted on healthy preschool children. Choice reaction times were measured using a specialized “Paper, Rock, and Scissors” device which can record the duration of time it takes from the time a picture of a hand gesture representing either paper, rock, or scissors is displayed on a monitor to the moment when a preschool child reacts to the picture by pressing the button in front of him or her. These results suggest that cognitive and physical fitness are weak related.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and sex differences in elderly subjects for maintaining a stable posture on an unstable stool that leaned sharply in the backward and forward directions. The ability to stand with both legs on the balance board for 20 sec was measured five times with a 1-min resting period between each trial. Difference in results based on sex was found in the balance board test. These results suggest that when using the unstable stool balance board test in the elderly, the representative measurement values should be taken as the mean value of the third and fourth trials in males and the mean value of the second and third trials in females.

This study examines the ability to stand with the manipulating and supporting legs and their laterality by examining 12 female competitive soccer player and 12 female general university students. Dynamic balance was evaluated by the level of stability achieved on an unstable stool. In conclusion, the dynamic balance of the competitive soccer players was superior to the general students for both the manipulating and supporting leg. Additionally, for the general students, the dynamic balance on the manipulating leg was superior to that on the supporting leg for only general student.

This study examined the relationship between dynamic balance tests and various physical fitness tests in preschool children. Dynamic balance was assessed by walking the length of a balance beam several times (beam height, 30 cm; width, 10 cm; length, 200 cm) and walking a pathway (width, 10 cm; length, 200 cm). Physical fitness was assessed with activities such as a 25-meter run, continuous bilateral hopping, upright hand standing, standing long jump, and catching a ball. In conclusion, both walking a balance beam and pathway showed a relationship to coordination. Walking a balance beam successfully was also positively correlated with agility. However, the relationships between these two dynamic balance tests were not as high.

To maintain a stable posture on an unstable moving stool is performed by few in daily life. Hence, the achievement of a stable posture on an unstable moving stool may be difficult even for the elderly with high independence in daily activities. This study aimed to examine differences between the female elderly who could maintain a stable posture on an unstable stool leaning sharply in the backward and forward directions for 20 s (balance board test) and those could not maintain this posture for physical functions, ADL, fall experience, and fall risk. The female elderly who cannot perform the present balance board test have more fall experience and are inferior in static balance ability, walking ability, and ADL compared with the elderly who can perform it despite having similar static leg strength.

This study aimed to examine the differences in the activities of daily living (ADL) among the female elderly without knee pain (G1), with mild knee pain (G2), and with severe knee pain (G3). In conclusion, female elderly with severe knee pain is inferior in ADLs that required movement of the knee joint such as locomotion, posture-change, and stability. In addition, it was judged that the female elderly with mild knee pain is inferior in the achievement of “ascending and descending the stairs” and “rising from kneeling.”

Many people are ashamed of bodily expression activity. This study aimed to examine the items that effectively contributed as factors to a sense of shame in bodily expression activity. Eleven items were classified, and 212 healthy students responded to these items through “Yes” or “No.” Consequently, the effectiveness of the selected items, the changing expression of the items, and the need to examine new items were observed.

Various tests to assess dynamic balance ability have been developed. The spot stepping (stepping) test assesses balance ability when a person voluntarily moves the body. The functional reach (FR) test assesses balance ability when a person is subjected to added stimulation to make the body unstable. The balance board (BB) test assesses balance ability when a person is subjected to added stimulation while continuously standing on one leg. This study aimed to examine the relationship between each of these tests with regards to dynamic balance ability. The FR test assesses a very different functional ability than the stepping and BB tests and this explains why the relationships were not high.

This study aimed to examine differences in corresponding rates of fall risk survey which comprised 50 items representing 5 risk factors (symptoms of falling,” “disease and physical symptoms,” “environment,” “behavior and character” and “physical function) among 3 groups of elderly females categorized on the basis of knee pain. The severe knee pain group exhibited higher corresponding rates in several fall risk items compared with the other 2 groups. The fall risk items related to frequency of motion in the behavioral and character factors category showed a tendency to be low in the groups with no or mild pain.

An advance practice before actual trails may affect handgrip strength exertion values in gradually increased demand values. This study aimed to examine effects of an adjustment practice of grip exertion with subjective intensity with 50% of the maximum grip strength on handgrip values in gradually increased demand values and its laterality. In conclusion, when performing an advance with 50% subjective intensity of the maximum grip, an error in the 20% demand value is larger than that in the other demand values in the non-dominant hand and in the dominant hand.

Gait change in the elderly may be a strategy to maintain postural stability while walking. However, gait laterality is accompanied by back pain or an increased risk of a fall. This study aimed to examine group-related differences and gait laterality in elderly females with mild or severe unilateral knee pain. Elderly females do not show group-related differences or gait laterality regardless of the degree (mild or severe) of unilateral knee pain.

Competitive swimmers may have inferior balance because antigravity strength exertion, which is used to stand, is not often necessary in the water. This study concerns the ability to stand with the manipulating and supporting legs and their laterality by examining male competitive swimmers and male general university students. Static balance and dynamic balance were evaluated by the center sway of foot pressure and stability on an unstable stool, respectively. In conclusion, dynamic balance while standing with the manipulating or supporting leg is superior in competitive swimmers, unlike static balance assessed by the center sway of foot pressure. In addition, dynamic balance in the manipulating leg is superior to that in the supporting leg for both groups.

関節痛は転倒を誘発する要因とされている。本研究の目的は、女性高齢者の転倒回数および転倒リスクについて、膝疼痛のない群、片膝および両膝に軽度の膝疼痛を有する群、ならびに片膝および両膝に重度の膝疼痛を有する群の差を検討することであった。過去1年間の転倒回数、および各転倒リスク得点は、片膝および両膝軽度疼痛群間、ならびに片膝および両膝重度疼痛群間に有意差はなかった。膝関節に軽度や重度の膝疼痛を有する女性高齢者は転倒リスクが高く、易転倒性、身体症状・疾病、および身体機能要因が関与している。また、重度の膝疼痛を有する女性高齢者は転倒回数が多い。

歩容には様々な要因が関与している。本研究の目的は、膝伸展筋力、視力、および膝関節疼痛が高齢者の歩容変化に及ぼす影響を検討することであった。視力に問題がなく、かつ、膝関節疼痛もない高齢者において、歩行速度および歩幅は、膝伸展筋力の優れる群が劣る群に比べ有意に高値を示した。自覚的な視力問題、あるいは、膝関節疼痛有無群間には膝伸展筋力およびいずれの歩容変数にも有意差は認められなかった。以上のことから、特に膝伸展筋力低下が高齢者の歩容に影響を及ぼす要因であることが確認された。

神経と筋骨格系の機能はヒトの運動成就に関与する。ヒトは日常活動で最大能力を発揮することは極めて少ないため、最大下能力発揮の持続性との関係に注目することは重要である。本研究では、青年男性81名を対象に、最大握力が正弦波形表示法による筋力発揮調整能（CFE）測定値に及ぼす影響を検討した。パソコンのディスプレイ上に出現する正弦波形表示の変動要求値に最大下の握力発揮値を一致させた結果、最大握力はCFE評価にほとんど影響を及ぼさない。

本研究はリバウンドジャンプと2種の異なる縄跳び時のリバウンドジャンプ指数（RJ指数）の比較から縄跳びによるSSCトレーニングの使用可能性について検討することを目的とした。普通跳び及び二重跳びのRJ指数の信頼性は高く、二重跳びのRJ指数は普通跳びに比べ、有意に高かった。SSCに劣るグループの場合、リバウンドジャンプと二重跳びとにのみ有意な相関が認められた。リバウンドジャンプのRJ指数を基準とすると、SSC遂行能力の約７割を活用する二重跳びはSSC強化に有効な運動と判断された。

本研究の目的は、幼児を対象に、立位時に床に接地していない足趾の数と踵荷重の関係を検討することであった。被験者は4～6歳の園児691名であった。左足の踵荷重は、浮き趾を2本以上有する幼児が浮き趾のない幼児よりも、また、4歳児が6歳児よりも大きかった。一方、右足の踵荷重は、浮き趾を2本以上有する幼児が、浮き趾を1本有する幼児および浮き趾のない幼児よりも、また、4歳児が5歳児と6歳児よりも大きかった。

本研究では、保育園で好まれる10の遊びを、5つの動的遊び（鬼ごっこ、サッカー、巧技台遊び、ドッジボール、縄跳び）および5つの静的遊び（お絵かき、ままごと、絵本、ブロック、砂遊び）に分類し、遊びと動作反応時間との関係を検討した。鬼ごっこやサッカーのような動的な遊びは、反応動作のスピードと全身運動の敏捷性を発達させ、一つの活動だけでなく多くの異なる種類の運動を実行することが各反応時間を短くするために効果的であることが明らかとなった。

本研究の目的は、膝疼痛および膝疾患のない健常女性高齢者ならびに膝疼痛や膝疾患を有する女性高齢者を対象に膝伸展筋力、ADL得点およびADL項目の回答の群間差を検討することであった。膝関節に疾患や疼痛を有する高齢者は、膝伸展筋力およびADL能力に劣る。また、膝疾患者は膝疼痛者よりもADL能力に劣り、生活活動全般が困難であることが示唆された。一方、膝疼痛者であっても、膝伸展筋力が劣り、自立した日常生活にも影響を及ぼすことが明らかにされた。

本研究の目的は、膝疼痛の程度別に各種日常生活動作の成就の違いを検討することであった。非疼痛群において成就率が非常に高い（97%以上）および低い（38%以下）ADLに群間差は認ほとんど認められなかった。成就率が40%以上97%未満のADLは、重度疼痛群は非疼痛群よりも成就率が有意に低かった。軽度疼痛群および重度疼痛群は、非疼痛群よりも階段昇降および起居動作の成就率が有意に低かった。結論として、膝疼痛の有無に関係なく、成就が困難なADLと容易なADLがある。重度疼痛者は、多くのADLの成就が困難と考えられる。また、膝疼痛者にとって、特に階段昇降および起居動作は難度が高く成就が困難である。

本研究では、身体機能、疾病・身体症状、行動・性格、環境の各因子で構成される、出村らの転倒リスクアセスメント票（DFRA）を用い、地域高齢者の転倒リスクパターンと転倒発生率の関係を検討することを目的とした。全ての要因（身体機能、疾病・身体症状、行動・性格、環境）にリスクを有する者の転倒発生率は80.0%、同様に3つの要因にリスクを有する者は45.1%、2つの要因では19.8%、1つの要因では14.1%であった。いずれの要因にもリスクを有さない者でも約10%の転倒発生率を示した。地域で自立した生活を営む高齢者であっても、3つ以上のリスク要因を抱える場合には転倒リスクが非常に高くなることが明らかになった。

1日3杯以上のコーヒー摂取により、健康的効果が得られると報告されている。本研究の目的は、若い青年男女におけるコーヒー摂取杯数とコーヒーの摂取効果およびコーヒー含有成分との関係を検討することであった。男女とも、コーヒー摂取杯数に関係なく、コーヒー摂取の効果の認識は低く、男性では摂取杯数により効果の認識は異なること、また、ほとんどの者は「カフェイン」以外のコーヒー含有成分を知らないことが明らかにされた。

本研究では、躓きによる転倒経験が障害物上におけるステップ動作に及ぼす影響を検討することであった。被験者は、躓き転倒群、その他転倒群、非転倒群に分類された。評価変数は、片脚前方ステップと片脚後方ステップの成就時間であった。いずれの変数も、躓き転倒群が非転倒群よりも劣っていた。障害物ステップ動作は、躓きによる転倒経験者が非転倒経験者より遅いことが明らかとなった。

This study aimed to examine the effects of knee pain on knee extension strength, gait, and activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly females. Gait was assessed using parameters such as foot grounding time and sole position while walking at maximum speed. Degree of knee pain was calculated using the Japanese edition knee function scale. The elderly with mild unilateral knee pain had laterality in knee extension strength but not in all gait parameters. Furthermore, the elderly with mild unilateral or bilateral knee pain had decreased knee extension strength and ADL ability compared with those without knee pain. Even in the elderly with the same knee pain, stance time, swing time, step width, swing speed, and walking speed differed between the elderly with mild and severe pain. ADL ability was compromised the most in the elderly with severe knee pain, followed by those with mild and no knee pain. It is difficult for elderly individuals with severe knee pain to perform ADL independently. However, individuals with mild knee pain can perform ADL independently despite having decreased knee extension strength. Therefore, elderly individuals with discomfort or mild knee pain should learn to cope with their condition at the earliest.

本研究では障害物の跨ぎ越しを含む各種移動動作局面のパフォーマンス低下の年代差を検討することを目的とした。被験者である高齢者および若年者は、障害物の設置有無のTimed Up & Goテストを実施した。その結果、高齢者は若年者に比べ、障害物直前および直後の片足立脚時間、跨ぎ越し直後の180度方向転換時間、および水平歩行時間において障害物による有意な遅延が認められた。自立歩行が可能で健常な高齢者でも、障害物を跨ぎ越す間の動作や、跨ぎ越えた後の各種動作（方向転換や歩行）が青年に比べ緩慢になる。転倒のリスクを減らす上で、跨ぎ越し直後の移動動作にも注意が必要であろう。

リハビリテーションや体力維持増進のための運動処方実施時には、各条件による効果の違い、また年代ごとの基準値が必要となる。本研究では、開閉眼条件によるその場足踏みステップ時のCOPの差およびそれらの年代差を検討することを目的とした。80歳代は、他の年代と比べ、開眼時と閉眼時では足踏みステップ時の動揺が異なる。開眼と閉眼にかかわらず、60歳代以下の年代ではステップ時のCOPに大きな違いはないが、開眼時では80歳代が70歳代以下より、閉眼時では70歳以上が60歳代以下よりも動揺が大きい。70歳あるいは80歳になると、特に閉眼時の動揺が大きい。

本研究では、両膝に疼痛および疾患のない女性高齢者ならびに膝疼痛や膝疾患を有する女性高齢者を対象に膝伸展筋力および歩行能力の群間差を検討することを目的とした。膝伸展筋力は膝疼痛者および膝疾患者が膝疼痛や膝疾患のない高齢者よりも劣る。膝疾患者は、膝疼痛者および膝疼痛や膝疾患のない高齢者よりも立脚時間および歩隔が長く、歩行速度および振出速度が遅い。また、膝疼痛者および膝疾患者は、それらを有さない高齢者よりも歩幅が短い。

身体障がい者の多くは、車いすの操作が不可能であり、自立した日常生活も困難とされている。本研究では、先天性身体障がいにより車椅子を使用している者における生活環境とストレスの関係を明らかにすることを目的とした。その結果、女性は男性よりもストレスを感じていた。また、精神的および心理的影響によるストレスレベルは女性が男性よりも高かった。殆どの者は車椅子の使用からストレスを感じており、女性は男性よりも精神的なストレスを有していることが明らかにされた。

高齢者のリハビリテーションや体力維持増進のための運動処方実施時には、トレーニング効果の検証のためのテストが必要となる。本研究では、障害物高認知（OHC）の優劣が、操作脚の踵を前方のラインを超えて踏み出し、元の位置に戻す動作を出来るだけ速いスピードで5回繰り返すSingle leg forward step (SFS)、SFSに障害物を加えたOSFS (Obstacle-SFS)に及ぼす影響を検討することを目的とした。その結果、障害物高認知に劣る高齢者は跨ぎ越し動作が遅くなる傾向にあることが明らかにされた。

軽度の膝疼痛を有する高齢者の割合は約20%と高いものの, 対象とした研究は少ない。本研究は、軽度の膝疼痛を有する女性高齢者における膝伸展筋力、歩容およびADL得点を検討することを目的とした。膝疼痛のない高齢者は、膝疼痛を有する女性高齢者に比べ、膝伸展筋力およびADL得点に優れ、両膝に疼痛を有する高齢者はストライドおよび歩幅も短い。軽度の膝疼痛者に着目した場合、膝疼痛は脚筋力やADLに影響を及ぼすが、歩容に影響を及ぼすのは両膝疼痛のみであることが明らかにされた。

近年、幼児の左右および前後足圧荷重割合を簡単に評価できる測定器具が開発されているが、その測定器具から得られる変数の特徴は検討されていない。本研究は、足圧荷重バランステストの試行間信頼性、性差および体格との関係を明らかにすることを目的とした。足圧荷重バランス測定は2試行以上行うのが望ましく、3試行実施する場合、足圧荷重バランス変数は2および3試行目の平均値を代表値として利用するのが適切であることが明らかにされた。また、足圧荷重バランス変数に性差および体格差はない。

幼児の動的平衡性の発達を評価するテストは幾つかあるが、テストの種類や難易度により動的平衡性の発達評価は異なる可能性がある。本研究は、幼児を対象に障害物を設置した枠内歩行時間の性差および年齢差を検討することを目的とした。枠内歩行時間に性差はなかった。障害物を設置した枠内歩行時間は、4～6歳では性差がなく、4歳は5および6歳よりも長い。また、高い障害物（10cm）を設置した場合、5歳と6歳間で歩行時間が異なる。幼児の動的平衡性の評価には、高さ10cmの障害物またぎ越し歩行が有効かもしれない。

本研究では、自覚的な膝疼痛を有する女性高齢者における膝伸展筋力および歩容の左右差を検討することを目的とした。自立した日常生活を営むことが可能な女性高齢者は、両膝に膝疼痛を有していても膝伸展筋力および歩容に左右差は生じない。片膝に膝疼痛がある場合、膝伸展筋力に左右差が生じるが、歩容に左右差は生じない。膝伸展筋力に左右差があっても、短い歩行距離であれば歩容に左右差は生じないことが明らかにされた。

高齢期には各身体機能が同時に低下するため、個々の機能の低下が歩容に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることは困難である。しかし、青年に制限を課すことにより、機能低下が歩容に及ぼす影響に関する知見が得られると考えられる。本研究は、青年における視覚機能の低下が歩容に及ぼす影響を検討することを目的とした。その結果、視覚情報を低下させることにより歩容変数は変化することが明らかにされた。また、視覚機能を低下させることで、障害物の跨ぎ越しにも影響を及ぼす。

近年、高齢者の上肢の筋パワーに関して検討されている。把握パワーの測定は簡易であり、身体への負担も少ない。したがって、体力評価として有効かもしれない。本研究の目的は、高齢者における把握パワーの性差を検討することであった。その結果、把握動作に関与する主動筋の収縮速度の加齢に伴う低下は男性が女性よりも大きく、その性差は負荷の大きさに関わらず最大握力に依存することが明らかにされた。

転倒経験、身体機能レベルおよび年齢差を含んだ様々な背景から、地域の在宅高齢者の転倒リスクのスクリーニングに役に立つ項目を検討することを目的とした。調査対象は1317名の高齢者であり、80項目の質問に回答した。統計解析により選択された40項目は、既存の調査票と比較して健康な高齢者の転倒危険性を包括的に、適切に評価することができる可能性が示唆された。

「利き側」には脳や神経系が関与している。上肢には優先的に使用する「利き側」が存在するが、下肢に関する報告は少ない。本研究はλ‐LQ関係に基づき、下肢動作の使用足と利き足判定の関係から側性特性について検討することを目的とした。いくつかの動作の中で、体支持系動作では「片脚ジャンプする際の脚」および「椅子の上に最初に置く脚」、操作系動作では「ボールを蹴る脚」および「物を踏みつける脚」の左利き者判別の精度は高かった。これら4動作により、左利き者判別が可能とであることが示唆された。

本研究では、種々のウォーミングアップが生体に及ぼす生理学応答を明らかにするため、足関節可動域およびタッピングに及ぼす影響を比較した。被験者20名が6つの条件（安静、PL照射（E1）、軽運動（E2）、ストレッチ（E3）、E3＋E1、E3＋E2）に参加し、その前後で足関節可動域とタッピングを測定した。受動的刺激でも足関節可動域は向上するが、タッピング動作は軽運動による筋への直接的な刺激においてのみ向上することが明らかにされた。